1. John Swales is professor of linguistics at the University of Michigan. He got his PHD from Cambridge. He is known for his work on genre analysis, and rhetoric analysis. He was born in 1938 in the U.K(Wikipedia).
2. I think that he imagined college students to be reading his text, since he worked at a college. I also think he imagined other professional colleagues to read his text, and then they would share it with students.
3. I think the issue this text is talking about is the difference between a discourse community and a speech community. The issue is also that the readers do not fully know what a discourse community is.
4. I think that Swales thought the gap was that his readers thought that discourse communities and speech communities were the same. I also think his readers did not know all of the characteristics of a discourse community. The characteristics include; common goals, intercommunication, genres, a specific abbreviation name, changing memberships, and sharing information and feedback.

• Stein does not portray himself as an audience friendly writer, he is very blunt. The whole tone of his piece is that his opinion is the right opinion, and everyone who disagrees with him is not a true American.
• I think that Stein sees that the gap of the conversation is that Americans are not think about other countries’ perspectives when America uses its power. And, that America needs to have a civil discussion with other countries and listen to those countries.
• This piece fills that gap, because it gives historical events as evidence of America using their power. One example is the Alamo, when America took Texas from Mexico. “If ever a country’s character demanded that it root against the underdog, it’s ours. We are the country of crushing…”(In Defense of Domination), this clearly states the author’s point of view on America. He thinks that America does not use its power wisely. This article makes people think about how other countries view America. And, this could start a great discussion.
• I still think that Stein is a little abrupt in the writing of this piece.
• The danger of an essay like this; is that people may not know that Stein is being rhetorical.
• The purpose of Stein’s essay is to start a discussion and have people really think about other countries’ perspectives on America. He wants people to recognize the power that America has. He wants people to look more into how America uses power.

Discourses: How Do Communities Shape Writing

Everyone throughout their life gains more literacies. A discourse community is a community that share goals and they communicate to reach their goals. The article pushes the reader to figure out what discourse communities they are apart of. The article brings up questions that the reader can think about as they they think about their discourse communities. Multiliteracies explain how people read other texts, people and activities. People learn how to use language and write differently when they interact with different people and engage in new activities. This encourages the reader to continue to go out of their comfort zone, so they they can grow themselves when it comes to using language in a new way. The goal of this article is to have the reader understand that learning is ongoing.

The Concept of Discourse Community

John Swales is a linguistic professor at the University of Michigan. He talks about the difference between a discourse community and a speech community. He talks about how all discourse communities use genres. Genres are texts that can be recognized by writers and readers. This article asks the reader questions before they continue reading in order for the reader to fully engage in the reading. One question asks the reader to think of a time that they felt out of place. The article also gives questions that the reader can think about while they read. The questions are great questions and help the reader understand the article more. The reader has to think about their experience with moving between different groups. The reader also has to think about possible problems with Swales explanations, this is important because the reader has to think critically and use their mind. And the reader has to describe who the audience of the article is. He talk about the importance of defining a discourse community. He talks about how it is important to distinguish a speech community from a discourse community. He says that a discourse community has common goals, a system of communication, information and feedback, genres, a community abbreviation, rules about joining. The goal of the article is to help the reader understand what discourse communities are and help the reader think for themselves as they read.

• The intended readers are Americans. He dresses them by saying “You Yankee Haters..” The article is rhetorical and it is reaffirming the beliefs people have. He is making fun of America in general.
• The value that the readers and the writer have in common is wanting to be successful. He appeals to them by saying that everyone wants to be successful.

1. Stein’s introduction does suggest that he has something important to say and there is a bit of controversy(Brief Thompson, pg. 78) He starts off his introduction with, “You Yankee haters, you don’t understand America”(In Defense of Domination).This strong language draws the reader in. The conclusion sums up his points and he uses emotions(Brief Thompson, pg. 78). He says that children will be happier if they are taught to revere winners, because then they will be winners. He uses evidence that his audience finds persuasive(Brief Thompson, pg. 79). He uses evidence of America being the underdogs and then rising to power.
3. I think the audience he is trying to appeal is people who wish to understand multiple views. He is trying to start a debate and have people question common knowledge and have people research more. I think this choice is the best choice, because he is using the Yankees to talk about a deeper subject. He is talking about how America is the world superpower and he is making fun of America.

The Brief Thompson is persuasive in that the text is saying that you start to become more persuasive in your writing when you want to make your position known. This is persuasive because the reader starts to think about what they want to say, and they become more motivated to learn how to use rhetoric to make their writing more persuasive. The intention of the text is to motivate readers to write persuasively. The text talks about finding a common ground between the writer and reader, it’s important to find what your audience cares about. A thesis includes the topic and your claim about the topic. It’s important to understand different perspectives. Developing an argument means adding details. Shaping the argument means that you are considering the audience and the purpose of the content. Presenting the argument means trying to figure out what style, diction and tone works best for your argument. Arguing to inquire means that you know that there are different perspectives. Aristotle spent a lot his time figuring out how to invent arguments and how to make them useful. The classical form of an argument is based on the idea the people change their mind. A reader’s attention needs to be captured, then they learn about the topic, analyze, listen to other’s opinions and interpret. Using persuasive evidence, appealing to the reader, and showing the reader why the topic is important will motivate readers to understand the writer’s position. It is important to separate facts and opinions in an argument. Writers need to use logos, ethos, and pathos in their writing and analyze an argument using the Toulmin Method. A fallacy is an error in reason. It is important to concede and refute other viewpoints. It is important that the writer understands the question and then outlines their response. The writer needs to give a clear argument and then proofread their work. This text really helps the reader learn how to become a better writer.

The Purdue Owl video talks about Rhetoric. Rhetoric is language choices. Rhetoric came out of the Greek tradition of preparing speeches. Greek students would memorize long speeches using rhetoric tools. Only certain people, a certain class were able to use rhetoric tools. This changed, when the the Sophists came, they believed that anyone could learn rhetoric strategies to become a good speaker if they payed. People thought the Sophists were ruining rhetoric by doing this. This caused rhetoric to be viewed negatively. They thought if everyone learned, then the strategies would be meaningless and then people would not care about the truth of their argument. Rhetorical strategies were applied to writing, as people moved oral to writing traditions. Rhetoric improves writing, because it makes the writing more persuasive. Audience, ethos, pathos and logos make writing more effective. Rhetoric is about using language in the most effective way

Comfortable In Classroom

• Getting to know the people in the class

• Writing what I think and then sharing it

• Having a partner to talk to about topics

Uncomfortable In Classroom

• An uncomfortable topic

• A very quiet class

In Defense of Domination Times Article by Joe Stein

• Joel Stein is an American Journalist who wrote for the Los Angeles Times. He has written for the Times as well(Wikipedia). His intentions seem to be that Americans should not hate on a team that is dominating. Because the spirit of America is making your own way to success. He thinks that we should have respect for a successful team. However, he is being sarcastic and ironic. So, in fact he is making fun of how involved Americans become about baseball
• He bullies the other perspective. He says that people who hate the Yankees are wrong. He tries to pull the reader into the article by being shocking.
• This article was written Feb. 23, 2004. The rhetorical context of this is that the Yankees won the 2003 World Series(Wikipedia). Also the Yankees picked up A-Rod for their team( Article). Also during 2004, America was in the Middle East responding to 9/11(Wikipedia).
• The intended readers are Americans.
• The value that the readers and the writer have in common is wanting to be successful. He appeals to them by saying that everyone wants to be successful.
• He uses illustrations to prove his point. One example of this is when he says, “You’ve been deluded that… we are some sort of scrappy, underdog nation that needs to fight against the privileged bullies. Not me. I’ve never rooted for underdogs, or, as I like to call them, losers. ” This illustration of an underdog and comparing underdogs to losers, helps prove his argument that it is best to root for the winners.
• The author builds a case for his argument by starting off with the concept that underdogs are losers, and then he moves to A-Rod being picked for the team. And then he moves on to everyone’s desire to win in life as a reason to love the Yankees.
• The author does appeal to reason in that he says that if you like winning, then you should like the Yankees. Because, the Yankees are winners.
• The Author does invoke emotion to hep make the point of his story. This is seen when he says, “You want to teach your kids that the Yankees are evil…. Go ahead and tell them bedtime stories for losers. But don’t go on pretending that there is something righteous in it. Sure, your child might grow up to be Eliot Spitzer, but wouldn’t you rather he became Bill Gates? Or better, Alex Rodriguez. That guy is going to be a lot happier in New York.” He uses emotion here and appeals to parents saying that their kid will be happier if they are successful. He appeals to their emotion and love for their kid. It could also apply to anyone who cares about someone.

An active reader has to be curious. An active reader has to ask questions. These questions include: What does the text mean? Why is the text important or why is it not? How can the text be used? The reader needs to process their thoughts and feelings about the text as they read. In order to engage more with the text, the reader can make predictions about what they think will happen. They can do this by looking at the title, table of contents, the context of the book, and the genre and purpose of the book. The reader can also draw upon their knowledge and past experiences. When reading a text, the reader should first find the central idea. This helps the reader understand the genre and purpose of the text. Then the reader should make predictions about the text and re-read the text to really understand the depth of the class. Annotating includes asking questions, connecting the text to knowledge and experiences, connecting the text to other texts, highlighting important terms, looking up unfamiliar terms, summarizing and trying to understand the meaning of the text.

Analysis means breaking apart a text and then figuring out how all the parts relate to each other. Interpretation means finding points and issues in the text that can be looked at from many perspectives. It is up to the reader to decide what perspective they see the text from. Synthesis is a summary of what the analysis means. Critical reading is thinking while reading. Critical reading includes being able to learn the difference between facts, opinions and beliefs. Readers need to be able to evaluate if the evidence is accurate, relevant, sufficient and representative. The reader should also figure out if the author has any assumptions and reasons for writing the text. It is important to understand the ethos, pathos, logos, purpose and context of a text. Ethos is based on ethics, logos is based on feelings, and pathos is based on emotions. It is important to analyze the diction of a text. The reader should realize the rhetorical context of the text, each text is written at specific time, place, and for a specific audience and purpose. Active reading and annotating takes practice and it helps the reader understand the text more deeply.

• I’m at UCBA because it is close to where I live and it is a great school.
• I chose this section, because it worked with my schedule.
• I was born in Cincinnati
• I was born here, and then I lived in Arlington, Virginia for about 8 years. I moved back to Cincinnati when I was a sophomore in high school.
• My major is Early Childhood Education, I love teaching and helping children.
• I like hanging out with friends and  family. I like reading and drawing.
• I love theater, I was in theater during high school.
• I am patient, I listen well, and I communicate well(soft skills)
• My hard skills include: customer service and social media experience.